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Present Perfect USE 1 Tempo não específico antes de agora
O tempo exato não é importante NÃO se usa o present perfect com expressões específicas de tempo, como: yesterday, one year ago, last week...) Pode-se usar o present perfect com expressões não específicas, como: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.) Exemplos: I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before.
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Experiência Você pode usar o present perfect para descrever suas experiências de vida. É como dizer, “Eu tenho a experiência de...” Você também pode usar esse tempo verbal para dizer que você nunca teve uma certa experiência. Exemplo: I have lived abroad. ≠ I lived in New York in the 80’s. O present perfect NÃO é usado para descrever um evento específico
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Mudanças no decorrer do tempo
O present perfect é comumente usado para falar sobre mudanças que occorreram no decorrer de um período de tempo.) Exemplo: My English has improved since I started studying.
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Realizações Usa-se frequentemente o presen perfect para listar/citar realizações humanas ou individuais. ►Não se pode mencionar um tempo específico. Exemplo: Man has walked on the Moon.
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Ação incompleta que se espera
Comumente se usa o present perfect para dizer que uma ação que você esperava ainda não se realizou. Ao se usar o present perfect, indica-se que ainda estamos esperando a ação acontecer. ► yet / still Exemplo: I haven’t done my homework yet.
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Ação incompleta que se espera
Comumente se usa o present perfect para dizer que uma ação que você esperava ainda não se realizou. Ao se usar o present perfect, indica-se que ainda estamos esperando a ação acontecer. ► yet / still Exemplo: I haven’t done my homework yet.
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USE 2 Duração do passado até agora (com non-continuous verbs) Com non-continuous verbs (verbos que não admitem o –ing), usa-se o present perfect para mostrar que algo começou no passado e que continua até o momento atual. “For five minutes", "for two weeks," e "since Tuesday" são durações de tempo que PODEM ser usados com o present perfect. Exemplo: I have had a cold for two weeks.
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Exercise: present perfect or past simple
A: Did you like U2’s new CD? B: I don’t know. I ____________ (listen) to it yet. They __________ (arrive) at the airport three hours ago. Marco and I __________ (know) each other for more than 10 years. I __________ (be) on a roller coaster since I _______ (be) 12 years old.
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Complete the dialogue using the right alternative:
A: ______ Jill ________ ________ abroad? B: No, he _______ ________ _________ out of America a) Has; ever been; has never been b) Has; ever traveled; never has been c) Hasn’t; ever been; hasn’t never been d) Have; ever gone; has yet been abroad e) Hasn’t; ever visited; hasn’t ever be
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Past Perfect USE 1 Ação no passado anterior a outra também no passado
O past perfect expressa a idéia que um evento ocorreu antes de outra ação no passado. A ação que ocorreu primeiro, fica no past perfect e a outra, ulterior, fica no past simple. Exemplos: When I arrived at the bus stop, the bus had already left. When I got home last night, my parents had already had dinner.
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USE 2 Ação no passado anterior a outra também no passado
Com verbos ‘non-continuous’, usa-se o past perfect para mostar que um evento começou no passado e continou até que outra ação no passado interrompeu-o. Exemplos: We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
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Atenção Diferentemente do present perfect, é possível usar palavras/frases que denotem tempo espeçifico com o past perfect. Embora seja possível, geralmente não é necessário.
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Exercises: past perfect or past simple
When she _______ (arrive) the match ______ already _______. (start) 2) After the man _______ (come) home he _____ (feed) the cat. 3) Before he _______ (sing) a song he ________ (play) the guitar. 4) She _______ (watch) a video after the children ________ (go) to bed.
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Indefinite pronouns SOME Regra – Some em frases afirmativas (+)
Ex.: We bought some flowers. Exceção – Some em perguntas (?) quando estiver oferecendo ou pedindo. Ex.: Do you want something to drink? (offer) Ex.: Can I have something to drink, please? (request)
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2) ANY Regra – Any em negativas (-) e perguntas (?). Ex.: We didn’t buy any flowers. IMPORTANTE: O verbo TEM que estar na NEGATIVA. Ex.: Did you buy any flowers? Exceção1: Em frases positivas (+) depois de IF. Ex.: If there are any letters for me, leave them on my desk.
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Exceção 2: Em frases positivas (+) quando o significado for de NÃO IMPORTA QUANDO, QUAL, etc. Ex.: Come and see me any time you want. (= in the morning, afternoon… Monday, Saturday… ANY) Exceção 3: Em frases positivas (+) quando houver palavras negativas (ou seja, o sentido é negativo). Exemplos: Hardly ever any international conflicts are solved peacefully. She left without any money. He refused to eat anything.
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3) NO Regra – Em frases negativas (-). Ex.: I`ve got no money with me. IMPORTANTE: O verbo NÃO pode estar na negativa. DICA: So o contexto pode definir, em frases com verbos positivos, se será SOME ou NO. Ex.: I`ve got some money with me. I think it`s enough to buy what I want. Ex.: I`ve got no money with me. I forgot my wallet at home. Se nenhum contexto for dado, possivelmente podem ser os dois. Ex.: Some / No cars are sold with warranty.
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NO vs. NONE Regra – No + substantivo Ex.: I have no questions. Regra – None sozinho Ex.: She has some questions. I have none. É necessária uma referência anterior para usar none. IMPORTANTE: Pode-se usar NONE OF + substantivo no plural Ex.: None of the stores had what I was looking for. IMPORTANTE: Pode-se usar NONE OF + pronomes objetos (you, them, us, it) Ex.: None of them were my students.
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Pode-se juntar SOME, ANY and NO with… 1) THING (refere-se a objetos, idéias… coisas) SOMETHING, ANYTHING, NOTHING Ex.: Something is happening over there. 2) WHERE (refere-se a lugares) SOMEWHERE, ANYWHERE, NOWHERE Ex.: Is there anywhere exciting to go tonight? 3) BODY or ONE (refere-se a pessoas) SOMEBODY, ANYBODY, NOBODY SOMEONE, ANYONE, NO ONE Ex.: Nobody saw Tarantino`s new movie yet.
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Exercises: choose the correct option 1 I can hear _________ at the door. a) somebody b) anybody c) nobody 2 Does ________ want to go to the cinema? a) somebody b) anybody c) nobody 3 Would you like ________ to eat? a) something b) anything c) nothing 4 There’s is never ________ good showing on TV. a) something b) anything c) nothing 5 If ________ should happen, call your parents. a) something b) anything c) nothing
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6 The film was in German so I couldn't understand ______ they said
6 The film was in German so I couldn't understand ______ they said. a) something b) anything c) nothing 7 I'm sad because ________ remembered my birthday. a) somebody b) anybody c) nobody 8 As it's your birthday you can order you like from the menu. a) something b) anything c) nothing
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Relative pronouns PESSOAS – WHO, THAT, WHOM, --- Sujeito = who / that
The person who/that phoned me last night is my friend. Objeto = who / whom / that / --- The person who/that/whom/--- I phoned last night is my friend. Depois de preposições – whom Depois de vírgulas – who/whom (NUNCA that)
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COISAS – WHICH, THAT, --- Sujeito = which / that The car which/that hit me was yellow. Objeto = which / that / --- The car which/that/--- I drive is yellow. Depois de preposições – which Depois de vírgulas – which (NUNCA that)
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LUGAR – WHERE This is the place where we first met. POSSE = WHOSE The girl whose dress is black is my sister.
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In which sentence below can you omit the relative pronoun
In which sentence below can you omit the relative pronoun? A) This is the student who got an A. B) He’s the boy that danced with me at the party. C) The party which I went to was at a disco. D) Jack’s the one to whom I’ve been talking. E) The book, which he wrote, won many awards. Tip: Para saber se o pronome relativo pode ser omitido, é preciso saber se ele é objeto. Se for objeto, ele APENAS NÃO poderá ser omitido se vier depois de preposição ou vírgula.
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In which sentence is the use of that compulsory
In which sentence is the use of that compulsory? A) This is the best book that I’ve read. B) He was the first president that visited that country. C) Tell me about the movies and plays that are showing this month. D) Nothing that he predicted happened. E) All that I heard from you was nonsense. Tip: That será necessário se: vier depois de superlativo, depois de all, every, some, any, no e seus compostos, se se referir a dois ou mais elementos, depois de the first, the last –sendo o sujeito nesses casos (pq se for o objeto, ele pode ser omitido).
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Complete the sentences with one of the relative pronouns below
Complete the sentences with one of the relative pronouns below. More than one answer may be possible. who – which – where – whose – whom – that – X 1) I lost the documents ___ I hadn’t saved. 2) This is the actor _____ I was talking about. 3) Mark, ___ was my former co-worker, was hired by M&G. 4) The bar in ___ he works is near my house. 5) That is the school ___ she will study. 6) Bugs and insects ___ lay eggs are more common in the summer. 7) The student ____ mother cam to the meeting is called Barbara.
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Conditionals First conditional
If I drive to your house, I will get there faster. If + present simple / will + verb Uso: para condições possivéis, referindo-se ao presente e ao futuro. Second conditional If I drove to your house, I would get there faster. If + past simple / would + verb Uso: para condições irreais, hipotéticas, referindo-se ao presente. Atenção: usar WERE e não was – If I WERE you
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Third conditional If I had driven to your house, I would have got there faster. If + past perfect / would + present perfect Uso: para condições impossivéis, referindo-se ao passado. Usa-se quando se quer expressar arrependimento ou quando se olha retrospectivamente para o passado. Zero conditional If I doesn’t rain, flowers don’t bloom. If + present simple / present simple Uso: para fatos que não variam (não é verdadeiramente uma condição)
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Imperatives If I call you, come immediately. If + present simple / present simple Atenção: não tem sujeito Com verbos modais 1. Might / May – possibilidade I might go, if it doesn’t rain. 2. Can / could – possibilidade (sendo que could é usado referindo-se ao passado). If you call me early, I can meet you. If you had called me early , I could have met you. 3. Should / ought to – conselhos You should go to the concert, if you have a chance. Must / have to –obrigações, deveres 4. You must study if you want to get a good grade.
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Exercises
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Passive Voice A voz passive é usada quando o foco está na ação. Não é importante ou conhecido quem ou o que está realizando a ação. Se o agente for importante, usa-se “by. Estrutura: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
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Exercises What’s the passive voice of the sentence: Joan’s grandfather would buy her some clothes”? a) Her would have bought some clothes by her grandfather b) She would have bought some clothes by her grandfather c) Some clothes would be bought to Joan by her grandfather d) She would been bought some clothes to her grandfather e) Some clothes would have bought to Joan by her grandfather
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The passive voice for the sentence: “The students were giving in the project to the teacher” a) The project giving the students by the teacher b) The project was being given by the students to the teacher c) The project was going to be given by the students to the teacher d) The project was being giving by the students to the teacher e) The project was giving in the students to the teacher The project giving the students by the teacher
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Give the correct passive voice for the following sentence: “His secretary sends me newsletters” a) I am sent newsletters by his secretaries b) Newsletters is sent to me by his secretaries c) I have sent newsletters by his secretary d) Newsletters have been sent to me by her e) The secretary is sent newsletters to me
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Give the best PASSIVE VOICE for this sentence: “Won’t the president propose new ideas to the voters?” Won’t new ideas will be proposed to the voters by the president? Will the voters not be proposed new ideas? Won’t the president propose the voters new ideas? Will new ideas not propose to the voters by the president? Won’t the voters be proposed new ideas by the president?
