Cooperation in a traditional enterprise and in a self- management enterprise: a sistemic perspective Cooperación en la empresa tradicional capitalista y cooperación en la empresa autogestionada: una perspectiva sistémica Susana Iglesias Webering Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) Departamento de Administração e Turismo 9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia 2014

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia 2014 Introduction - Through a critical management study and questions concerned to the capitalist model => in search for alternatives; -The focus of the research is the democratic models of enterprises, especially cooperatives. Methodology - A systemic approach of the cooperation phenomenon; - A qualitative, interpretative and reflexive research about theories and concepts that help to comprehend cooperation/cooperative reality; - In a way to fulfill the triangulation proposed by Le Moigne (1996): “faire, être et devenir”

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia Organization of work in the capitalism system -Division of labour had as consequence a peculiar form of cooperation (Marx, 20102); -Cooperation of workers in combined process demanded direction/ coordination + overcome of the industrial revolution => industrial development; -At the end of XIX and the begin of XX century Taylor’s studies and Ford experimentations would propel economic development based on industry and on the model of traditional enterprise. -Although theories and practices of management have changed during the XX century, the basis are the same.

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia In a world of organizations: why organizations are important? First: they dominate modern societies. Second: they emerge to realize objectives that people can’t do individually, this way we can say they are a social phenomena and even each one owns a particular reality we can distinguish them from other forms of socials organizations. Although it’s hardly to define, some characteristics are: relative borders, rules, levels of authority (?), coordinate systems and some perpetuation of members, the aim is to develop activities related to goals, organizations have consequences for the conjunct of members and for society as well (Hall, 2004). Traditional enterprise => is based on hetero-gestion (a dual model of management)

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia 2014 What would be different? => Autogestion / Self-management/ Autogestión? Self-management has multi-dimensions: social, politic, economic, technological (Albuquerque, 2003) Collective property and democratic management. But The self-management enterprise is not concerned by management sciences.

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia Blinds spots / puntos ciegos (Guerreiro Ramos, 1983, 1989) First blind spot: the rationality that dominates organizational studies and economics, politics and social sciences. Second blind spot: organizational theories do not distinguish in a proper way substantive organizations and formal organizations. Third blind spot: as in capitalist societies the market organizes social life, organizational theories can’t have a proper comprehension of symbolic interactions and its meaning for relationships. Fourth blind spot: how work became measure of value in modern societies. Organizational theories should be reformulated on new foundations. The administrative behavior is not compatible with human potentials (Guerreiro Ramos, 1983, 1989).

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia Social Economy and cooperatives - Since the last decades of the XX century has increased the interest for democratic organizations. - The concept of Social Economy in the XVIII and XIX centuries and the concept nowadays - at the beginnings: cooperatives, mutuals, associations. - nowadays: the intentions to delimitate a field of theses organizations has been showed inconclusive: in common they seem to recognize these organizations place the gaps that traditional organizations can’t supply.

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia Cooperation - Cooperation as the most important factor of evolution : "its not love and not even sympathy upon which Society is based in mankind. It is the conscience – be it only at the stage of an instinct – of human solidarity” (Kropotkin, 1902) - Even with the gradual overcoming of collectivism by the various revolutions -politics, intellectual, economic, spiritual, agricultural and industrial- cooperation still remains the basis of social live.

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia Contributions of Game Theory -Even based on a methodological individualism, theory of games can generate important insights to the study of social collective phonomenas such as cooperation (Axelrod, 2010; Tuomela, 2000) or the emergence of social rules (Ullmann-Margalit, 1977); -Axelrod (2010) concluded that a cooperative strategy is the most sustainable choice; -It’s necessary to complement the contributions of Game Theory in social studies (Ullmann-Margalit, 1977; Tuomela 2000);

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia Tuomela (2000) developed a typology for the collective action: g-cooperation => related to a sofiticated cooperation, of shared goals and interests; i-cooperation => private interests coordinated by a system of combined interests Conditions: - cooperation emerges when people recognize each other as a participant of the group (group-attitude); - there is kind of dependency (collective condition).

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia Conclusions - The dissemination of the capitalism system and the ideal of rationalization with the background of sciences contribute with the deeply transformation of modern societies. - The project of modern society creates an impasse between the ideal of individual and society; - The consolidation of an economic system based on competition and the dominant idea on science that man can dominate reality/objects is a violent and unsustainable conjugation; - There’s not only a economic crisis, there’s a latent crisis that is ecological, politic, cultural and about human bonds; - Even with the development of this hostile ambient, cooperation has always been alive (be it as altruism, mutual aid or forms of resistance); - It’s necessary to know better mechanisms of cooperation and the role played by institutions.

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia Conclusions - Cooperatives organizations could generate better conditions for a balance between functional and substantive rationality (they have originally social an economic goals), a substantive meaning and a potential emancipation by work; - the work constructed “together”, even for survival of individuals, through cooperation gains new signs: can generate the autonomy of individuals and balance selfish tendencies - cooperation is essential for life in society, which explains why cooperatives are still emerging even in the hostile environment, which paradoxically is configured on utilitarian, competitive and individualistic basis; - on the contrary that was disseminate, not only are we competitive, we are also cooperative and our knowledge needs to be urgently rebuilt.

9th Congress of the EUS-UES Globalization and Crisis. Complexity and governance of systems. Valencia 2014 Thank you!

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