Banda de Pífanos Cantoria de Viola Photo: Top: Banda de Pífanos Dois Irmãos performs for tourists at a hotel in Caruaru, 2001. Photo by Larry Crook Bottom: Edmilson Ferreira and Antônio Lisboa in a desafio in Recife, 2001. Photo by Sylvia Crook

Banda de Pífanos Other Names Banda Cabaçal Terno de Zabumba Photo: Banda de Pífanos Dois Irmãos performs for tourists at a hotel in Caruaru, 2001. Photo by Larry Crook Other Names Banda Cabaçal Terno de Zabumba Esquenta Mulher

Origins Bombos (fife & drum groups from Portugal ) Charamelas and Zabumbas West African flute ensembles Brazilian Amerindian flute traditions

Legends Pífano: a blessed instrument for the novena procession From the breath of the “savage” Indians to the caboclo

Instruments 2 Pífanos (flutes) Tarol (snare drum) Triangle (left to right) 2 Pífanos (flutes) Tarol (snare drum) Triangle Surdo (tenor drum) Pratos (Cymbals) Zabumba (bass drum) Photo: Banda de Pífanos Dois Irmãos, Caruaru, 2001. Photo by Larry Crook

Making Pífanos João do Pife burning the finger holes into a pífano, Caruaru, 2001. Photo by Larry Crook

Photo: Burning the finger holes with a red-hot iron, Caruaru, 2001 Photo: Burning the finger holes with a red-hot iron, Caruaru, 2001. Photo by Larry Crook

Pífano Tuning major/minor ambiguity neutral 3rds and 7ths Photo: João do Pife measuring the position of the six finger holes on a pífano, Caruaru, 1988. Photo by Larry Crook

Performance Contexts Novena de Casa Forró parties Tourist presentations

Novena de Casa Chegada Vênia do Santo Procissão Rosary (Terço) Photos: Top left, Women singing novena praise songs in Caruaru, 1987. Photo by Larry Crook. Top right: Statue of Padre Cícero at a novena de casa, Caruaru, 1988. Photo by Larry Crook. Bottom, Participants at a novena de casa carry the saint during a procession, Caruaru. 1988. Photo by Larry Crook Chegada Vênia do Santo Procissão Rosary (Terço)

Musical Repertoire Música do Santo (hinos, benditos, dobrados, marches, waltzes) Forró (baião, xote, forró, côco) Festa (forró)

Cantoria de Viola Sung-poetry Viola accompaniment Desafio song duels

Desafio Photo: Repentista poets Antônio Lisboa (right) and Edmilson Ferreira (left) in a pé- de-parede desafio, Recife, 2001. Photo by Sylvia Crook. YouTube: Edmilson Ferreira and Antônio Lisboa in a festival competition in Pernambuco improvising in the décimas form (ten-line)over the mote: “Estou com todo sintomo de quem tem febre” (“I have all the symptoms of someone with a fever”). This is a <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vI-J-v_yl50> YouTube

Poetic Rules of Cantoria Sextilhas: six line verses Deixa: obligatory rhyme Mote: two-line topics

Viola Dinâmica The viola dinâmica is a wooden body viola with internal metal resonating disc to amplify a metallic twang on the instrument.

Viola Tuning Open Tuning Seven strings