The Territorial Cohesion in the border NUTS III of Portugal Theme The Territorial Cohesion in the border NUTS III of Portugal Minho-Lima Cávado Alto Trás-os-Montes Douro Beira Interior Norte Beira Interior Sul Alto Alentejo Alentejo Central Baixo Alentejo Algarve 100Km Scale Eduardo Medeiros

Why the Territorial Cohesion ? In the three less prosperous member-states (Portugal, Greece and Spain), the average income per capita increased from 68% of the UE average, in 1988, till 79% in 1999. This economic cohesion wasn’t reflected in all the regions of these countries. In fact there was an aggravation of the territory unbalances. Having realize that, the Territorial Cohesion was established in the Treaty of Amsterdam, so that it could complement the concepts of Social Cohesion and Economic Cohesion, and contribute to a more balanced and harmonious development across the European Territory.

What we want to find out? To realize if, in the last decade (1991-2001), the 10 border NUTS III of Portugal, have achieved the goal of the Territorial Cohesion, and to verify the contribution of the INTERREG-A (Cross-Border Co-operation) to reach that goal.

What is Territorial Cohesion? Third Report on Economic and Social Cohesion “Achieve a more balanced development by reducing existing disparities, avoiding territorial imbalances and by making both sectoral policies which have a spatial impact and regional policy more coherent. The concern is also to improve territorial integration and encourage cooperation between regions”. ESPON – Interim Territorial Cohesion Report “Balanced distribution of human activities across the Union, which is complementary to economic and social cohesion, including fair access for citizens and economic operators to Services of General Economic Interest”.

Policy guidelines for the spatial development of the EU: What is necessary for the Territorial Cohesion? European Spatial Development Perspective Policy guidelines for the spatial development of the EU: 1 - Development of a balanced and polycentric urban system and a new urban-rural relationship; 2 - Securing parity of access to infrastructure and knowledge; 3 - Sustainable development, prudent management and protection of nature and cultural heritage.

What is necessary for the Territorial Cohesion? European Spatial Development Perspective “co-operation is the key to an integrated spatial development policy and represents added value over sectoral policies acting in isolation”

THE TERRITORIAL COHESION CONCEPT Social and Economic Cohesion Polycentric Urban System Co-operation Territorial Cohesion Environmental Sustainability

The analytic model Concepts Territorial Cohesion Distribution Dimensions Distribution Co-operation Morphology Environment Knowledge Hierarchy Components Horizontal Energy Income Density Public Services Vertical Waste Connectivity - Research Centers - University Students - GDP per capita - Employment rate - Physicians (per 1000) - Schools - Societies - Companies - Rural Tourism - International Trade - City Rankings - Specialized Functions - Population Density - Roads (km) - Cable dwellings - % of renewable energy - % of environmental expenses Indicators Concepts Regional Development

Social and Economic Index Variation (1991 - 2001 ) 1 - Knowledge: (Research Centres and University Students); 2 - Income: (GDP per capita, Employment Rate); 3 - Public Services: (Physicians and Schools). 0Km 25Km 50Km Scale < 0.050 0.050 : 0.100 0.100 : 0.150 > 0.150 MINHO-LIMA CÁVADO AVE GRANDE PORTO TÂMEGA ENTRE-DOURO E VOUGA DOURO TRÁS-OS-MONTES BAIXO VOUGA BAIXO MONDEGO PINHAL LITORAL PINHAL INTERIOR NORTE DÃO LAFÕES PINHAL INTERIOR SUL SERRA DA ESTRELA BEIRA INTERIOR NORTE BEIRA INTERIOR SUL COVA DA BEIRA OESTE GRANDE LISBOA PENÍNSULA DE SETÚBAL MÉDIO TEJO LEZÍRIA DO TEJO ALENTEJO LITORAL ALTO ALENTEJO ALENTEJO CENTRAL BAIXO ALENTEJO ALGARVE Legend NUTS III ISE - 1991 ISE - 2001 (2001-1991) Portugal 0.269 0.416 0.147 Minho-Lima 0.230 0.239 0.009 Cávado 0.357 0.356 -0.001 Douro 0.310 0.326 0.016 Alto Trás-os-Montes 0.317 0.007 Algarve 0.237 0.311 0.074 Beira Interior Norte 0.265 0.306 0.040 Beira Interior Sul 0.268 0.411 0.143 Alto Alentejo 0.166 0.260 0.094 Alentejo Central 0.229 0.348 0.119 Baixo Alentejo 0.192 0.267 0.075

Social and Economic Indicators GNP per capita (1000 €) in 2001 Population Variation (1991-2001) 0Km 25Km 50Km Scale 6.1 : 7.9 7.9 : 9.7 9.7 : 11.2 11.2 : 21.2 MINHO-LIMA CÁVADO AVE GRANDE PORTO TÂMEGA ENTRE-DOURO E VOUGA DOURO TRÁS-OS-MONTES BAIXO VOUGA BAIXO MONDEGO PINHAL LITORAL PINHAL INTERIOR NORTE DÃO LAFÕES PINHAL INTERIOR SUL SERRA DA ESTRELA BEIRA INTERIOR NORTE BEIRA INTERIOR SUL COVA DA BEIRA OESTE GRANDE LISBOA PENÍNSULA DE SETÚBAL MÉDIO TEJO LEZÍRIA DO TEJO ALENTEJO LITORAL ALTO ALENTEJO ALENTEJO CENTRAL BAIXO ALENTEJO ALGARVE Legend 0Km 25Km 50Km Scale -11.8 : -3.6 -3.6 : 1.5 1.5 : 8.3 8.3 : 15.8 MINHO-LIMA CÁVADO AVE GRANDE PORTO TÂMEGA ENTRE-DOURO E VOUGA DOURO TRÁS-OS-MONTES BAIXO VOUGA BAIXO MONDEGO PINHAL LITORAL PINHAL INTERIOR NORTE DÃO LAFÕES PINHAL INTERIOR SUL SERRA DA ESTRELA BEIRA INTERIOR NORTE BEIRA INTERIOR SUL COVA DA BEIRA OESTE GRANDE LISBOA PENÍNSULA DE SETÚBAL MÉDIO TEJO LEZÍRIA DO TEJO ALENTEJO LITORAL ALTO ALENTEJO ALENTEJO CENTRAL BAIXO ALENTEJO ALGARVE Legend

The polycentric index Variation (1991 - 2001 ) 1 - Hierarchy: (City Rankings and Specialized functions); 2 - Density: (Population Density and Road Density); 3 - Connectivity: (Cable Dwellings). 0Km 25Km 50Km Scale < 0.050 0.050 : 0.100 0.100 : 0.150 > 0.150 MINHO-LIMA CÁVADO AVE GRANDE PORTO TÂMEGA ENTRE-DOURO E VOUGA DOURO TRÁS-OS-MONTES BAIXO VOUGA BAIXO MONDEGO PINHAL LITORAL PINHAL INTERIOR NORTE DÃO LAFÕES PINHAL INTERIOR SUL SERRA DA ESTRELA BEIRA INTERIOR NORTE BEIRA INTERIOR SUL COVA DA BEIRA OESTE GRANDE LISBOA PENÍNSULA DE SETÚBAL MÉDIO TEJO LEZÍRIA DO TEJO ALENTEJO LITORAL ALTO ALENTEJO ALENTEJO CENTRAL BAIXO ALENTEJO ALGARVE Legend NUTS III IPO – 1991 IPO - 2001 2001-1991 Portugal 0.354 0.440 0.087 Minho-Lima 0.329 0.500 0.171 Cávado 0.327 0.468 0.140 Douro 0.340 0.398 0.058 Alto Trás-os-Montes 0.310 0.395 0.085 Algarve 0.330 0.404 0.074 Beira Interior Norte 0.317 0.380 0.062 Beira Interior Sul 0.435 0.534 0.099 Alto Alentejo 0.367 0.467 Alentejo Central 0.324 0.407 0.083 Baixo Alentejo 0.374 0.093

URBAN SYSTEM – BORDER NUTS III MINHO-LIMA CÁVADO AVE GRANDE PORTO TÂMEGA ENTRE-DOURO E VOUGA DOURO TRÁS-OS-MONTES BAIXO VOUGA BAIXO MONDEGO PINHAL LITORAL DÃO LAFÕES PINHAL INTERIOR SUL SERRA DA ESTRELA BEIRA INTERIOR NORTE BEIRA INTERIOR SUL COVA DA BEIRA OESTE GRANDE LISBOA PENÍNSULA DE SETÚBAL MÉDIO TEJO LEZÍRIA DO TEJO ALENTEJO LITORAL ALTO ALENTEJO ALENTEJO CENTRAL BAIXO ALENTEJO ALGARVE PINHAL INTERIOR NORTE Legend Medium Cities Smaller agglomerations Centrality Index Areas with influence of very specialized functions Areas with influence of specialized functions Strong Interactions Very specialized functions Very specialized or specialized functions Scale 0Km 100Km

The co-operation index Variation (1991 - 2001 ) 1 - Horizontal: (Societies and Companies); 2 - Vertical: (Rural tourism and International Trade). 0Km 25Km 50Km Scale < 0.100 0.100 : 0.200 0.200 : 0.300 > 0.300 MINHO-LIMA CÁVADO AVE GRANDE PORTO TÂMEGA ENTRE-DOURO E VOUGA DOURO TRÁS-OS-MONTES BAIXO VOUGA BAIXO MONDEGO PINHAL LITORAL PINHAL INTERIOR NORTE DÃO LAFÕES PINHAL INTERIOR SUL SERRA DA ESTRELA BEIRA INTERIOR NORTE BEIRA INTERIOR SUL COVA DA BEIRA OESTE GRANDE LISBOA PENÍNSULA DE SETÚBAL MÉDIO TEJO LEZÍRIA DO TEJO ALENTEJO LITORAL ALTO ALENTEJO ALENTEJO CENTRAL BAIXO ALENTEJO ALGARVE Legend NUTS III ICO - 1991 ICO - 2001 1991-2001 Portugal 0.315 0.480 0.164 Minho-Lima 0.349 0.586 0.237 Cávado 0.306 0.458 0.153 Douro 0.179 0.317 0.137 Alto Trás-os-Montes 0.189 0.286 0.097 Algarve 0.244 0.431 0.187 Beira Interior Norte 0.253 0.387 0.134 Beira Interior Sul 0.256 0.293 0.037 Alto Alentejo 0.177 0.466 0.290 Alentejo Central 0.225 0.508 0.283 Baixo Alentejo 0.203 0.346 0.143

The environment index Variation (1991 - 2001 ) 1 - Energy: (Renewable energy); 2 - Waste: (Environmental treatment expenses). 0Km 25Km 50Km Scale < 0.100 0.100 : 0.200 0.200 : 0.300 > 0.300 MINHO-LIMA CÁVADO AVE GRANDE PORTO TÂMEGA ENTRE-DOURO E VOUGA DOURO TRÁS-OS-MONTES BAIXO VOUGA BAIXO MONDEGO PINHAL LITORAL PINHAL INTERIOR NORTE DÃO LAFÕES PINHAL INTERIOR SUL SERRA DA ESTRELA BEIRA INTERIOR NORTE BEIRA INTERIOR SUL COVA DA BEIRA OESTE GRANDE LISBOA PENÍNSULA DE SETÚBAL MÉDIO TEJO LEZÍRIA DO TEJO ALENTEJO LITORAL ALTO ALENTEJO ALENTEJO CENTRAL BAIXO ALENTEJO ALGARVE Legend NUTS III IAM - 1991 IAM - 2001 2001-1991 Portugal 0.186 0.404 0.218 Minho-Lima 0.335 0.375 0.040 Cávado 0.443 0.386 -0.056 Douro 0.289 0.356 0.067 Alto Trás-os-Montes 0.346 0.513 0.167 Algarve 0.229 0.555 0.326 Beira Interior Norte 0.282 0.431 0.149 Beira Interior Sul 0.397 0.022 Alto Alentejo 0.216 0.392 0.176 Alentejo Central 0.078 0.211 0.134 Baixo Alentejo 0.073 0.251 0.179

Territorial Cohesion index Variation (1991 - 2001 ) 1 - Social Economic Index; 2 - Polycentric Index; 3 - Co-operation Index; 4 - Environment Index. 0Km 25Km 50Km Scale < 0.082 0.082 : 0.112 0.112 : 0.142 > 0.142 MINHO-LIMA CÁVADO AVE GRANDE PORTO TÂMEGA ENTRE-DOURO E VOUGA DOURO TRÁS-OS-MONTES BAIXO VOUGA BAIXO MONDEGO PINHAL LITORAL PINHAL INTERIOR NORTE DÃO LAFÕES PINHAL INTERIOR SUL SERRA DA ESTRELA BEIRA INTERIOR NORTE BEIRA INTERIOR SUL COVA DA BEIRA OESTE GRANDE LISBOA PENÍNSULA DE SETÚBAL MÉDIO TEJO LEZÍRIA DO TEJO ALENTEJO LITORAL ALTO ALENTEJO ALENTEJO CENTRAL BAIXO ALENTEJO ALGARVE Legend NUTS III ICT - 1991 ICT - 2001 2001-1991 Portugal 0.295 0.437 0.142 Minho-Lima 0.299 0.413 0.114 Cávado 0.346 0.416 0.070 Douro 0.286 0.349 0.063 Alto Trás-os-Montes 0.356 Algarve 0.265 0.395 0.131 Beira Interior Norte 0.280 0.361 0.082 Beira Interior Sul 0.327 0.418 0.091 Alto Alentejo 0.234 0.385 0.151 Alentejo Central 0.238 0.387 0.149 Baixo Alentejo 0.343 0.109

MAIN CONCLUSIONS With the exception of the NUTS III of Alentejo Central and Alto Alentejo, in the Portuguese border area, the Territorial Cohesion Index has grown less than the national average. The positive contribution of INTERREG initiative to this area has not been enough to obtain the aim of the Territorial Cohesion. We continue to verify an increasing territorial exclusion in this area that occupies more that half of the Portuguese territory.

WHAT CAN WE DO TO INVERT THIS SITUATION? Reinforce the distribution of the essential goods and services to the population, as well as the knowledge (distributive dimension). Promote the entrepreneurship, capable of mobilizing effectively the local resources (co-operation dimension). Promote a polycentric urban structure, rather than a highly polarized one. This requires new functional entities (medium cities), created through increased integration and co-operation (morphologic dimension). Promote the use of the natural recourses in a sustainable way to preserve the environment (environment dimension).

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