1 O direito americano A análise das excepções concentra-se no fair use: o direito americano permite a um utilizador exigir o acesso à obra e a sua reprodução apesar da oposição do autor ou da falta da sua autorização sem versar remuneração desde que o uso seja considerado como fair. O teste do fair use tem em vista maximizar o bem-estar social (custos para o autor compensados pelos benefícios da sua utilização)

2 The fair use factors 1) The purpose and character of the use (transformative; different use) 2) The nature of the copyrighted work (creativity; publication) 3) The amount and substantiality of portion used 4) harm the market for or value of the authors works

3 Leslie Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 2002 Opinion by Judge Thomas G. Nelson

4 Object Application of copyright law to Internet search engines

5 Plaintiff: Leslie Kelly, professional photographer who has copyrighted images of the American West, located in Kellys web site and other licensed sites. Defendant: Arriba Soft Corp. operates a Internet search engine that displays its results in the form of small pictures (thumbnails), obtained from copying images from other web sites.

6 Os critérios de fair use 1) The purpose and character of the use (transformative; different use) 2) The nature of the copyrighted work (creativity; publication) 3) The amount and substantiality of portion used 4) harm the market for or value of the authors works (thumbnails vs. full-sized images)

7 Decisions District Court: found that, although Arriba had established a prima facie case of copyright infringement, such actions of reproduction constituted non-infringing fair use under Section 107 of Copyright Act

8 Court of Appeals: we affirm in part, and reverse in part… The creation and use of thumbnails is fair use The display of larger images infringes Kellys exclusive right to publicly display hid works.

9 The fair use exception Some of the fair use factors weighted heavily in Arribas favor: use is significantly transformative, and did not harm the market for or value of Kellys works.

10 O Court of Appeals distingue duas acções de Arriba: 1) A criação de imagens e sua utilização no motor de busca; 2) A apresentação das imagens através de inline linking e de framing.

11 The fair use exception permits courts to avoid rigid application of the copyright work statute when, on occasion, it would stifle the very creativity which the law is designed to foster.