Electric Vehicles where to go Jorge Martins (Un. do Minho)

Electric cars What existed Le Jamais Content max speed: 100 km/h 1899

Electric cars What existed Lohner-Porsche max speed: 60 km/h bateries: 1800 kg 1901 4 motor-in-wheel

Electric cars What existed Lunar Rover max speed: 13 km/h range: 36 km production: 4 price: 380 000 000 $

Electric cars What existed Sinclair C5 max speed: 24 km/h range: 80 km production: 12 000 price: 400 £

Electric cars What existed Segway max speed: 20 km/h range: 40 km 2 motor-in-wheel price: 6 500 €

Electric cars What existed G M EV1 max speed: 130 km/h range: 150 km 1160 buit; 1990 price: 34 000 $

Electric cars they are here and they are good Tesla max speed: 200 km/h range: 390 km 0-100km/h: 4.0 s price: 100 000 $ 6831 batteries 450 kg 500 sold

Electric cars they are here and they are good Lightning max speed: 209 km/h range: 300 km 0-100km/h: 4.0 s price: 155 000 €

Electric cars Some were sold by the million Honda Insight Toyota Prius

Electric cars some are small, city cars Kewet (Buddy) max speed: 80 km/h range: 100 km 0-50km/h: 7.0 s price: 28 000 €

Electric cars some are small, city cars Mitsubishi iMIEV max speed: 130 km/h range: 160 km available from 2009 price: 25 000 €

Electric cars other are commercial vehicles (including milk floats) Edison Ampere max speed: 80 km/h range: 160 km price: ~60 000 €

Electric cars some are getting visibility with the London tax Reva max speed: 50 km/h range: 80 km 2500 vehicles built (30000/year potential) price: 9 000 €

Electric cars Who are making electric cars? Batteries companies Electrovaya max speed: 55 km/h range: 190 km price: 20 000 $

Electric cars Who are making electric cars? Chinese Companies BYD max speed: 160 km/h range: 400 km 0-100km/h: 8.0 s price: 22 000 $

Electric cars Who are making electric cars? Chinese Companies Flybo

Electric cars Who are making electric cars? Chinese Companies Huoyun

Electric cars Who are making electric cars? Chinese Companies Jiayuan

Electric cars Who are making electric cars? Traditional OEM Mini max speed: 150 km/h range: 250 km 0-100km/h: 8.5 s 500 vehicles for test (2008)

Electric cars Who are making electric cars? Traditional OEM Smart max speed: 120 km/h range: 110 km innovative drivetrain design 200 vehicles on tests (2007)

Electric cars Who are making electric cars? Traditional OEM GEM (Chrysler) max speed: 45 km/h range: 50 km for sale in Portugal price: 14 000 €

Electric cars Who are making electric cars? Traditional OEM Aixam Mega max speed: 50 km/h range: 80 km quadriciclo price: 12-20 000 €

Electric cars Extreme electric vehicles Killacycle 400m: 270 km/h; 4.7 s power: 350 kW 0-100km/h: 1.4 s 990 A123 bateries

Electric cars Extreme electric vehicles Buckeye Bullet max speed: 508 km/h 10 000 batteries 300 kW batteries: 900 kg

Electric cars Concept cars Eliica max speed: 370 km/h range: 200 km 0-100km/h: 4.0 s 8 motor-in-wheel

Electric cars Concept cars AC Propulsion 1997 range: 500 km 0-100km/h: 4.0 s batteries: 317 kg

Electric cars Concept cars MIT City Car stackable 2 motor-in-wheel

Electric cars What do we learn from these cars? performance is not an issue (except range) electric motors do not constrain vehicle design no conventional design market niches energy storage is the main problem charging is a constrain several technical solutions for charging (including range extenders and battery replacement)

Electric cars How to improve? energy storage better batteries supercapacitors intensive regenerative braking energy control efficient control of load efficient charging system capable of absorbing extreme power (regenerative braking)

Electric cars How to improve? “in vehicle” energy production (extended range, fuel cells) high efficient ICE cheap fuel cells runing on liquid fuel weight lighter energy storage devices lighter construction (materials, manufacturing processes) energy storage vs in vehicle energy production powertrain design solutions motors with capability for extreme power (regenerative braking) motor-in-wheel units

Electric cars What are the challenges? batteries with better power density than supercapacitors supercapacitors with better energy storage than batteries minimizing recharging time without straining the grid very efficient “in vehicle” energy production powertrain moving parts exclusively within the wheels compact, efficient, powerfull and resistant motor-in-wheels eco-friendly materials intensive use body and frame design

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