Youth Justice System in Brazil: challenges for changing from a tutelary model to a welfare approach Liana de Paula Senior lecturer - Federal University of Sao Paulo (Brazil) Academic visitor - King`s College London; Institute of Criminology - University of Cambridge. Grant by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp).

The “Justice for Minors” Social context of the first Republic and attempts of modernization of the Brazilian society First institutions only for minors: beginning of the 20th century A possible response to the social question in the cities (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro) Disciplinary Institute – Sao Paulo (undated)

Pioneering institutions: 1902: Disciplinary Institute and Correctional Colony (São Paulo – city); 1903: XV of November School (Rio de Janeiro – city). National Law: 1927: First Code of Minors (National Law). Organization of specialized social services: 1938: Social Service for Abandoned and Delinquent Minors (São Paulo – state); 1941: SAM (Service of Assistance for Minors) - Rio de Janeiro – state; 1964: Funabem (National Foundation of the Welfare of the Minor), based in Rio de Janeiro; 1976: Febem (State Foundation of the Welfare of the Minor) - São Paulo.

A tutelary justice: characteristics Conceptions of poor children and young persons as in moral danger and marginalized: minor as a social category. Causality between poverty and disorder (moral danger and urban order), and between poverty, (moral) abandonment and crime: The doctrine of irregular situation and the second Code of Minors (1979). Insufficient family care and replacement for professional care (public social services and specialized institutions). Focus on custody: special care for vulnerable children and for dangerous children.

Effects: late 20th century Violence and corporal punishments; Overcrowding; Riots; Deaths in custody; São Paulo: growth of young offenders institutions (Complexes). Riots – SP

A new Youth Justice: welfare and rights of the child Re-democratization process and the rights of children as part of the democratic agenda. Rights of the child and UN Conferences and Rules. New National Law: Statute of the Child and the Adolescent (1990). Youth Justice as child centered: focus on the right of the child. Change of lexicon: from “minor” to “young person in trouble with the law”. Focus on community sentences: juvenile probation and community services.

Youth Justice system in São Paulo Major institutional crisis at Febem in the end of the 1990’s and re-organization of the system: 1990’s: First investments in improving the system split the services for vulnerable children and for young persons in trouble with the law (Febem). 2000’s: Investments to reduce overcrowding and riots (new young offenders institutions) and change of name for Fundação CASA 2008: New organization of the state system: Custodial Sentences: Fundação CASA, and Community sentences: local social assistance services

Challenges Cultural resistance of the teams that work with custodial sentences (Fundação CASA): Resistances, power struggles and professional cultures Some acceptance of physical punishment Changes in public management and public financial constraints Difficulties in managing the Youth Justice system, in all levels Public opinion: need of punishment, fear of crime and struggle against impunity Punitivism as an “easy way out” of public safety crisis Resistances to civil rights and lack of a egalitarian imagination Disjunctive democracy in Brazil (Caldeira, 2000).

Youth Justice system in Brazil: Source: Levantamento do Sinase 2014 (2017).

São Paulo: Custodial Sentences: 2014: 9.905 (40% of all young ofenders in custody) 2017 (june): 9.357 Source: Fundação CASA

References Anistia Internacional (2000). Brasil: desperdício de vidas. [São Paulo], Anistia Internacional. Caldeira, T. P. R. Cidade de Muros. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000. (City of Walls). MDH. (2017). Levantamento anual do Sinase 2014. Brasília: Ministério dos Direitos Humanos. Paula, L (2017). Punição e cidadania: adolescentes e liberdade assistida na cidade de São Paulo. São Paulo: Alameda Editorial. _____ (2015). Da “questão do menor” à garantia de direitos: discursos e práticas sobre o envolvimento de adolescentes com a criminalidade urbana. Civitas, Porto Alegre, v. 15, n. 1, p. 27-43. Sites: Fundação CASA data: https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2017/07/08/Como-a-Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o- Casa-foi-de-53-rebeli%C3%B5es-em-um-ano-para-2 Pictures: http://onda21.com.br/historia-candido-motta-e-a-institucionalizacao-da-infancia http://infodiretas.com/tag/febem/ https://coletivoherzer.milharal.org/tag/eca/ http://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2016/10/posso-ser-melhor-diz-interno-da-fundacao-casa- ao-conquistar-trabalho.html http://www.guarulhosemrede.com.br/agentes-da-fundacao-casa-querem-mais-seguranca/ https://www.cartacapital.com.br/sociedade/a-falencia-da-fundacao-casa-6705.html

Thank you! Contacts: depauliana@gmail.com liana.paula@unifesp.br