R.S. Gates, Ph.D., P.E. 16 de Julho de 2012 Prevenindo a Perda Pós-Colheita: uma Iniciativa da University of Illinois R.S. Gates, Ph.D., P.E. 16 de Julho de 2012

AGENDA Desafios futuros da segurança alimentar Vários “aspectos” da perda pós-colheita O Instituto ADM e suas contribuições Post-Harvest Loss is a critical challenge facing our world’s food security. In this presentation, I will first review the changing nature of our food security challenges. I will present some alternative perspectives regarding the role of Post-Harvest Loss in food security. And I am pleased to provide you with an overview of our newly established ADM Institute for Post-Harvest Loss, and its initial projects.

Aumento da Demanda Mundial de Alimentos Estimado em 70% até 2050 (FAO; 2009) Mudanças na Dieta em Países em Desenvolvimento Consumo Per Capita de Alimentos FAO predicts that the world food demand will increase rapidly in the following 40 years, by 70%. The increase mostly comes from developing countries. Rice, wheat, other cereals and meat consumption, which itself utilizes grains, top the list of commodities in terms of growth in per capita consumption, which further accelerates the demand from world population growth. The net effect is an estimated 70% increase in food demand by 2050.

Demanda Mundial da Produção Estimada a Duplicar de 2005 a 2050 (NAS, 2011) Researchers at the University of Minnesota predict global crop demand will double from 2005 to 2050. Economic Groups C, D & E in these graphs comprise the middle range of per-capita GDP countries. They account for more than 60% of world population. The growth of their demand for calories and protein is more than 60%.

Demanda de Alimento em 2030 Exigirá Cerca de 200 Milhões de Hectares a Mais (McKinsey; 2011) McKinsey predicts that the growth of food demand requires about 200 million added hectares which is about the total harvesting area in the United States and Canada.

Mudanças no Valor do Produto Contam uma História Interessante (McKinsey; 2011) McKinsey Global Institute’s Resource Revolution A century-long decline in commodity prices was enjoyed up until about 2000, with notable exceptions in the 1970s. However, this has changed in the past two decades. This rapid increase of commodity price erases the decline in the past century. Not only human beings but also livestock and energy production require commodities, but we have limited resources to realize these demans without improving efficiency even further.

AGENDA Desafios futuros da segurança alimentar X Desafios futuros da segurança alimentar Vários “aspectos” da perda pós-colheita O Instituto ADM e suas contribuições Next, let’s review some viewpoints and ideas regarding post-harvest loss.

PPC Varia por Região (FAO; 2011) DADOS! kg per year Perda e desperdício de alimentos per capita (kg/ano) Data, and the knowledge we can derive from it, is critical. We see that food is mostly wasted in the consumption stage in developed countries, while food is mainly lost during production to retailing stages in developing countries.

PPC Varia por Produto (FAO; 2011) PHL varies by commodity even in the same area, for example, processing and packaging losses are greatest for fruits and vegetables. Post-harvest handling and storage losses are greatest in Roots & Tubers, and in Oilseeds & Pulses.

Perdas de Grãos no Mundo (FAO, 2011) Cereal losses in different regions and are highly variable, with consumption losses greatest in developed countries and post-harvest losses a significant component of other regions.

PPC Varia com Condições de Plantio (IBRD/WB; 2011) External factors such as growing condition affect PHL as well. Consider Africa for example: Rising moisture content may result in greater pest damage and microbial degradation, increasing post-harvest loss. Sorghum losses in arid regions are significant in shelling and threshing operations. Across all regions, market storage losses are substantial.

PPC Varia entre Países para a Mesma Cultura Agrícola (FAO; 2002) Even for the same crop, such as rise, PHL varies between countries. Reducing PHL of rice in China should focus on storage, while the other Asian countries should put more emphasis on milling.

PPC Varia Entre Estados em um Mesmo País (ADM Institute; 2012) Extent of rain affects loss of black grams. In Madhya Pradesh, India, harvesting and drying stages losses are impacted by rainfall.

Uma Perspectiva Mais Específica: Arroz no Sudeste da Ásia (IRRI; 2011) No SE da Ásia, perdas físicas variam de 15 a 25%. Perdas de qualidade variam de 10 a 30% (perda de valor) Consumption Crop For Southeast Asia, for example, the physical losses of rice are large, and the loss in value from reduced quality spans a broad range of up to 30% of the crop.

Redução de PPC e Aumento de Produção Têm Grande Potencial (McKinsey; 2011) Reducing PHL should be considered to be a response to enhancing sustainability. Here we see that reducing food waste is one of the top three innovation opportunities to enhance productivity. McKinsey suggests that reducing PHL and increasing yields in both large and small scale account for 18% of opportunities in saving resource.

Pouca Atenção é Dedicada à PPC e à Produção (McKinsey; 2011) However, little attention is devoted to controlling these losses. Only 4% of the publications in 2010 were addressing these issues.

Por Que Reduzir a Perda Pós-Colheita? Algumas Hipóteses Estimativas sugerem que 1/3 da produção agrícola é "desperdiçado" e não chega ao consumidor Investimento necessário para reduzir PPC pode ser modesto Avanços tecnológicos podem tornar a redução mais viável e menos dispendiosa O fornecimento de água, energia, e solo arável é limitado – Redução da PPC pode atenuar a pressão em recursos escassos This slide summarizes the conceptual case for PHL reduction. There are 4 key points in addressing PHL: waste, investment, technology, resource sustainability: 1/3 of agricultural production is wasted and never reaches the consumer. Investments to reduce PHL could be modest Advances in application of technology should enhance profitable PHL reduction Our global supplies of land, water and energy are limited – reduced PHL can reduce resource pressures.

AGENDA Desafios futuros da segurança alimentar X Desafios futuros da segurança alimentar Vários “aspectos” da perda pós-colheita O Instituto ADM e suas contribuições X Next, let’s look at the Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) Institute.

Cronograma do Instituto ADM 2º semestre, 2010 Discussões iniciais 19 Jan, 2011 Anúncio oficial & celebração Donativo de $10 milhões Ênfase Índia/Brasil Culturas agrícolas básicas Fev, 2011 Esforços da pesquisa em semente iniciados $0,4 milhões em fundos alocados Mar /Jul, 2011 Processos de visão 2º semestre, 2011 Solicitação de proposta emitida $2,1 milhões em fundos alocados Ao longo de 2011 – Buscando entidades colaboradoras The ADM Institute is newly established, with a timeline as seen here.

O Instituto ADM para a Prevenção da Perda Pós-Colheita Declaração da Visão Elementos-chave incluem: Ser um centro internacional de informação e tecnologia Englobar tecnologias, práticas e sistemas Focar nas culturas agrícolas básicas em principais domínios agrícolas Our Vision Statement includes three key elements To be a central hub for information and technology To encompass a suite of technologies, practices and systems To focus on staple crops in key agricultural domains

Temas de Pesquisa Desenvolvimento de tecnologia & mensuração Sistemas, informática & análises Análise política Educação, treinamento & transferência de informação Projects currently underway include four key areas: Measurement and Technology Development, Systems Informatics and Analysis, Policy Analysis, and Education, Training & Information Transfer.

Projetos Financiados em 2011 Mary-Grace Danao Measurement, Documentation and Postharvest Processing for the Prevention of Postharvest Losses of Soybeans and Corn Peter Goldsmith Managing Grain Losses in Continuous Cropping Systems of the Tropics through On-Farm or Cooperative Storage Desenvolvimento de tecnologia & mensuração Luis F. Rodríguez Concurrent Science, Engineering, and Technology for the Prevention of Postharvest Loss Sistemas, informática & análises Kathy Baylis Supply Chain Policy and Strategy Analysis for Prevention of Postharvest Loss Mary Arends-Kuenning The Nature of Small Landholder Agriculture in the Brazilian States of Sao Paulo and Parana and Implication for Understanding Postharvest Loss Análise política Barry Pittendrigh Education, Training and Information Transfer to Minimize Postharvest Losses – Scientific Animations Without Borders Educação, treinamento & transferência de informação Ximing Cai Appropriate Technology Development and System Integration for Post-Harvest Loss Prevention A brief summary of the areas is provided here. There are currently 7 projects underway starting this year. These include… I would like to share some recent information in the Measurement and Technology Development sector.

Atividades (Janeiro-Junho 2012) UFV Parcerias desenvolvidas  Perdas na colheita quantificadas (3 estados brasileiros)  Coletando informação sobre condições de armazenamento Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais For the first six months of this year, our team has conducted a number of activities in Brazil, with the goal of developing baseline loss information. These include… 1. Developing partnerships. 2. Measuring harvest losses in 3 states. 3 and 4. Gathering information on storage conditions and on tracking grain trucks 5. Identifying farms for a silo bag feasibility test 6. Gathering climate data for storage risk calculations  Identificada a fazenda para nosso estudo da viabilidade do silo bag (silo bolsa) em junho  Coletando dados climáticos para o cálculo do risco de armazenagem  Coletando informação no rastreamento de caminhões Measurement, Documentation and Postharvest Processing for the Prevention of Postharvest Losses of Soybeans and Corn (Danao, Gates, Eckhoff, Paulsen, Rausch)

Medindo perdas na pré-colheita, na plataforma da colhedora, e na debulha/limpeza UFV UIUC UFG UFMT Usando um método padrão desenvolvido pela EMBRAPA para a medição de perdas na colheita, professores e estudantes viajaram de Jataí, Goiás a Sinop, Mato Grosso (1,034 km) para conduzir medições de campo Data will be used to determine average R$ losses due to harvest losses and how that compares to income gained from double cropping of safrinha corn in the region. Training materials to help farmers and custom harvesters better operate, calibrate and maintain their combines will also be developed. Colhedora Média CM [%] Produção estimada a 13% CM [kg/ha] Perda total [sacas/ha] Perda em % da produção a 13% CM Velocidade da colhedora [km/h] S2 11.0 4296 2.47 3.5 4.0 S6 18.0 3814 0.89 1.4 5.5 S7 16.2 3421 1.26 2.2 4.2 Measurements from soybean harvest (February 2012) and corn harvest (July 2012) completed.

Avaliação das perdas qualitativas e quantitativas em graneleiros e caminhões ; explorando o uso de “silo bags” (silo tubular horizontal). Como podemos aumentar a eficiência em graneleiros? Como podemos minimizar as perdas durante o transporte? Some of the key questions that have been raised to date: How to improve efficiency in graneleiros? Can silo bags be used as temporary storage? What are potential methods to minimize transport losses? Silo bags podem servir como armazenagem temporária?

Nossas Contribuições e Aspirações Medição da Perda Enquadramento da implementação que pode ser investida Avanço tecnológico Desafio To summarize: Measurement of Losses. Investable Implementation framework Advanced Technologies. The CHALLENGE will be to combine these factors to implement real contributions to post harvest loss control.

Referências Resources ADM Institute for the Prevention of Postharvest Loss. (2012). Mapping the production system and the supply chain and study the crop losses of black gram. FAOSTAT. (2012). Crops production. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor Grolleaud, M. (2002). Post-harvest losses: Discovering the full story. Rome: FAO. Gustavsson, J., Cederberg, C., Sonesson, U., van Otterdijk, R., & Meybeck, A. (2011). Global food losses and food waste. Rome: FAO. Hodges, R. J., Buzby, J. C., & Bennett, B. (2010). Postharvest losses and waste in developed and less developed countries: opportunities to improve resource use. Journal of Agricultural Science, 149 (51), 37-45. International Rice Research Institute. (2011). Postharvest technologies, learning alliances, and the private sector [powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from: http://aseanfoodsecurityfoodproduction.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/11-rfs-alfred-schmidley-postharvesr-technologies-learning-alliances-and-the-private-sector.pdf McKinsey Global Institute. (2011). Resource revolution: Meeting the world’s energy, materials, food, and water needs. Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B.L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(50), 20260-20264. World Bank. (2011). Missing food: The case of postharvest grain losses in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. These are the references cited in this presentation. If you would like a copy of these, please let me know.

Diretor: Steve Sonka -- ssonka@illinois Diretor: Steve Sonka -- ssonka@illinois.edu http://postharvestinstitute.illinois.edu I would like to thank you for your attention this afternoon. If you have questions regarding my talk, please feel free to ask questions. If you would like more information about the ADM Institute for the Prevention of Postharvest Loss, please note our Director, Dr. Steve Sonka, at the email indicated. Obrigado