Screening positivo para autismo em ex-pré-termos : Prevalência e risco (Positive Screening for Autism in Ex-preterm Infants: Prevalence and Risk) Catherine Limperopoulos, PhDa,b, Haim Bassan, MDb, Nancy R. Sullivan, PhDc, Janet S. Soul, MDb, Richard L. Robertson, Jr, MDd, Marianne Moore, BA, RNb, Steven A. Ringer, MD, PhDe, Joseph J. Volpe, MDb and Adré J. du Plessis, MBChB, MPHb a Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, and Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada b Fetal-Neonatal Neurology Research Program, Department of Neurology c Developmental Medicine Center d Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts e Department of Neonatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Pediatrics 2008;121;758-765 (April 2008) Apresentação:Juliana Sobral Coutinho Paulo Henrique G. Pereira Coordenação: Paulo R. Margotto www.paulomargotto.com.br 14/4/2008

Introdução Avanços no tratamento intensivo de neonatologia aumentaram a sobrevivência de pré-termos, no entanto houve redução da morbidade neurológica e do desenvolvimento a longo prazo. 50% de ex-pré-termos apresentam dificuldades na função executiva, atenção e comportamento. Baixo peso e idade gestacional são fatores de risco perinatais. A prevalência dos distúrbios do expectro do autismo ainda não foi sistematicamente explorada na população dos pré-termos.

Objetivo Aplicar testes de rastreamento para características autísticas em crianças com história de muito baixo peso ao nascer e identificar fatores de risco associados ao resultado positivo do rastreamento.

Metodologia Coorte de recém-nascidos fazia parte de um estudo prospectivo sobre função cerebrovascular numa série consecutiva de pré-termos menores de 1500g Foram excluídos aqueles com disgenesia cerebral, síndromes dismórficas e cromossomopatias Total: 91 RN.

Metodologia Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddler (M-CHAT) foi aplicado nos RN entre as idades de 18 a 24 meses ajustados pela prematuridade. A informação psicométrica do M-CHAT demonstra altas especificidade e sensibilidade. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) foi aplicada para avaliar problemas comportamentais e emocionais. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VARS) foi aplicada para avaliar as funções adaptativas: comunicação, socialização, motricidade

Metodologia Amostra caracterizada quanto aos aspectos demográficos, pré-natais, intra-parto, pós-parto imediato, resultado a curto prazo. Dentre tais variáveis, foram identificados como possíveis variáveis preditoras de positividade no rastreio de autismo Idade materna Temperatura materna Hemorragia intra ou ante-parto Parto prematuro Infecção da placenta Idade gestacional Peso ao nascer Sexo Pontuação no SNAP II Duração da necessidade de oxigênio Ressonância Magnética alterada Realizada Análise da Regressão Logística Multivariada para identificar o modelo predictivo final

Resultados Idade gestacional variou de 23 a 30 semanas Peso variou de 460 a 1490g

Resultados Correlação altamente positiva entre pontuação anormal no M-CHAT com problemas de introspecção do CBCL Correlação positiva entre dificuldades de socialização e de habilidades de comunicação com resultado positivo do M-CHAT.

Resultados

Análise da Regressão Logística Univariada Resultados Análise da Regressão Logística Univariada

Análise da Regressão Logística Multivariada Resultados Análise da Regressão Logística Multivariada

Discussão Elevada prevalência de características autísticas nos pré-termos extremos sobreviventes. Correlação positiva entre resultado positivo do M-CHAT e introspecção e problemas de socialização e déficits de comunicação. Primeira descrição desse fenômeno em prematuros extremos

Discussão Estudos populacionais identificaram prematuridade, baixo peso e necessidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal como fatores de risco perinatais para espectro autista. Tais fatores atuariam independentemente ou interagiriam com a predisposição genética por interferir em pontos críticos do desenvolvimento.

Discussão Corioamnionite e sexo masculino são fatores já identificados como fatores associados a autismo Limitações: M-CHAT é um instrumento de rastreio, não fecha o diagnóstico Como foi aplicado aos 18 meses, as alterações podem ser transitórias ou podem emergir a partir dessa idade. Ausência de dados socioeconômicos, já que estes podem justificar atraso do desenvolvimento. Amostra altamente selecionada.

Conclusão Os resultados desse estudo sugerem que o rastreamento precoce para sinais de autismo são justificados em uma população de prematuros extremos seguido por um teste definitivo para autismo naqueles com teste inicial positivo.

   ABSTRACT   OBJECTIVE. The survival of very low birth weight infants has increased markedly in recent years. Unfortunately, the prevalence of significant and lifelong motor, cognitive, and behavioral dysfunction has remained a major problem confronting these children. The objective of this study was to perform screening tests for early autistic features in children with a history of very low birth weight and to identify risk factors associated with a positive screening result. METHODS. We studied 91 ex-preterm infants 1500 g at birth. Infants underwent conventional MRI studies at preterm and/or term-adjusted age. We collected pertinent demographic, prenatal, intrapartum, acute postnatal, and short-term outcome data for all infants. Follow-up assessments were performed at a mean age of 21.9 ± 4.7 months, using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist. RESULTS. Twenty-six percent of ex-preterm infants had a positive result on the autism screening tool. Abnormal scores correlated highly with internalizing behavioral problems on the Child Behavior Checklist and socialization and communication deficits on the Vineland Scales. Lower birth weight, gestational age, male gender, chorioamnionitis, acute intrapartum hemorrhage, illness severity on admission, and abnormal MRI studies were significantly associated with an abnormal autism screening score. CONCLUSIONS. Early autistic behaviors seem to be an underrecognized feature of very low birth weight infants. The results from this study suggest that early screening for signs of autism may be warranted in this high-risk population followed by definitive autism testing in those with positive screening results. Key Words: autism • prematurity • MRI • risk factors • outcome Abbreviations: VLBW—very low birth weight • M-CHAT—Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers • CBCL—Child Behavior Checklist • VABS—Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale • SNAP-II—Score of Neonatal Acute Physiology II • PVL—periventricular leukomalacia • PVHI—periventricular hemorrhagic infarction

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Obrigado!!! Ddo Paulo Henrique, Dra. Juliana e Dr. Paulo R. Margotto 14/4/2008